Blogs

Autoantibodies are immunoglobulins (mainly IgG, IgM, or IgA) produced by B cells that mistakenly recognize self-antigens as foreign. Their presence us...

A normal antibody binds to one target like a lock fitting one key. A bispecific antibody is made to fit two keys. This means it can:Connect two diffe...

Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3 (SOCS3) is a key regulatory protein in the cytokine signaling network. It modulates JAK–STAT pathways by dampening ...

CRISPR-Cas9 is one of the most disruptive tools in molecular biology. It allows researchers to edit DNA with unprecedented precision and efficiency. A...

SMUG1 is an important DNA repair enzyme involved in the base excision repair (BER) pathway. It recognizes and excises uracil residues from DNA, which ...

Retroviruses produce polyproteins that are later cleaved into functional units. The gag-pro-pol precursor in HTLV-3 encodes three major domains:Gag (G...

DNA strand separation is a fundamental step in many biological processes, including replication and transcription. In simplified laboratory conditions...

Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) is one of the most abundant enzymes in the human liver and plays a pivotal role in the metabolism of various xenobiotics,...

Neurological diseases affect the nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. These disorders can significantly impact an individual'...