VEGF Antibodies and Recombinant Proteins
 

FLT-1/VEGF-R1 Antibodies and Recombinant Proteins
 

FLK-1/VEGF-R2 Antibodies and Recombinant Proteins
 

 
FLT-4/VEGF-R3 Antibodies and Recombinant Proteins 

M= Mouse; R=Rat; H=Human; Rb=Rabbit; G=goat; B=Bovine, MO=Monkey; P=pig; CT= near C-terminus; NT=near N-terminus; Internal=Middle of protein. EC=extracellular; CP=cytoplasmic domains *


VEGF and VGFR Receptors (VEGFR1-3) General Information

Embryonic vascular system undergoes a series of complex, highly regulated series of events involving differentiation, migration and association of primitive endothelial cells. This process is termed vasculogenesis. A further remodeling of the primitive vascular system forms the mature cardiovascular system. This process is known as angiogenesis (sprouting of new capillary vessels from pre-existing vasculature). Angiogenesis accounts for the formation of vasculature into previously avascular organs such as brain and kidney. Angiogenic activity in the adult is required during the normal tissue repair, and for the remodeling of the female reproductive organs (ovulation and placental development). Certain pathological conditions, such as tumor growth and diabetic retinopathy, also require angiogenesis. Study of tumor angiogenesis has led to the identification of several proteins including basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor. VEGF acts by interacting with a family of largely endothelial-specific receptor tyrosine kinases that includes VEGFR-1 (flt-1), VEGFR-2 (flk-1/KDR), and VEGFR-3/Flt-4. Disruption of VEGFRs interferes with differentiation of endothelial cells and it is lethal for the embryo.

VEGF is a heparin-binding glycoprotein that is secreted as a homodimer of 45 kDa. There are several splice variants of VEGF-A. The major ones include: 121, 165, 189 and 206 amino acids (aa), each one comprising a specific exon addition. VEGF121 is acidic and freely secreted. VEGF165 is more basic, has heparin-binding properties and, although a signicant proportion remains cell-associated, most is freely secreted. VEGF189 is very basic; it is cell-associated after secretion and is bound avidly by heparin and the extracellular matrix, although it may be released as a soluble form by heparin, heparinase or plasmin. VEGF165 is the most predominant protein, but transcripts of VEGF121 may be more abundant. VEGF206 is rarely expressed and has been detected only in fetal liver. Recently, other splice variants of 145 and 183 aa have also been described. The 165, 189 and 206 aa splice variants have heparin-binding domains, which help anchor them in extracellular matrix and are involved in binding to heparin sulfate and presentation to VEGF receptors. This is a key factor for VEGF potency (i.e., the heparin-binding forms are more active). VEGF-A is regulated by growth factors, cytokines, gonadotropins, nitric oxide, hypoxia, hypoglycemia and oncogenic mutations.

Several other members of the VEGF family have been cloned including VEGF-B, -C, and -D. Placenta growth factor (PlGF) is also closely related to VEGF-A. VEGF-A, -B, -C, -D, and PlGF are all distantly related to platelet-derived growth factors-A and -B. Less is known about the function and regulation of VEGF-B, -C, and -D, but they do not seem to be regulated by the major pathways that regulate VEGF-A.

All Products are for in vitro research use only. rev 40812A

List of publications using ADI's Antibodies to various products involved in Angiogenesis:

Ang Long, D 2001 Increased Renal Angiopoietin-1 Expression in Folic Acid-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Mice J Am Soc Nephrol 2001 12: 2721-2731.

ang1 Yuan HT 2002 Angiopoietin correlates with glomerular capillary loss in anti-glomerular basement membrane glomerulonephritis Kidney International. 61(6):2078-2089 WB IHC mouse kidney.

Ang-1 (ang11) Krikun G 2002 Abnormal Uterine Bleeding during Progestin-Only Contraception May Result from Free Radical-Induced Alterations in Angiopoietin Expression Am. j. Pathol. 161, 979-986 WB IHC 4% PF/praffin embedded human endometrium/HESC cells.

ang2 Yuan HT 2002 Angiopoietin correlates with glomerular capillary loss in anti-glomerular basement membrane glomerulonephritis Kidney International. 61(6):2078-2089 WB IHC mouse kidney.

Angiostatin Hatziap-ostolou M 2003 Different inhibitors of plasmin differentially affect angiostatin production and angiogenesis European Journal of Pharmacology Jan 2003 in press WB, chicken Chorioallantoic membrane tissues.

VEGF Recombinant human Storment, JM 2001 Estrogen augments the vasodilatory effects of vascular endothelial growth factor in the uterine circulation of the rat.[ American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology] 183(2):449-453, August 2000. used pure human vegf.

VEGFR1 Mayr-wohlfart U 2002 Vascular endothelial growth factor stimulates chemotactic migration of primary human osteoblasts Bone 30, 472-477 WB, human bone.

VEGFR3 angiogenesis Ji R-C 2003 Lymphatic Network and Lymphangiogenesis in the Gastric Wall J. Histochem. Cytochem., Mar 2003; 51: 331 - 338. IHC monkey/4%PF/also SC.

Notes: Antibodies usage is indicated in the following techniques: WB=Western Blot ; IHC-Immunohistochmistry; IP=Immunoprecipition; Flow=Flow cytometry; Rev. 30626