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GST's are responsible for the metabolism of a broad range of xenobiotics and carcinogens. The enzyme catalyzes the reaction of glutathione with a wide variety of organic compounds to form thioethers, a reaction that is sometimes a first step in a detoxification process leading to mercapturic acid formation. GST's play an important role defense against electrophilic chemicals generated by cellular oxidative reactions catalyzed by cytochrome P450 and other oxidases. GST's are believed to defend against the highly reactive electrophiles that are formed as a result of cellular oxidative processes. Based on amino acid sequence similarities and antibody cross-reactivities, the mammalian cytosolic GST's are divided into the following classes: alpha, mu, kappa, theta, pi, zeta, omega (GSTc or GST-chi) and sigma. GST's exists as homodimers of ~25 kDa.
GSTA1-1 is mainly found in kidney, intestine, lung, and liver. GST M1-1 is restricted to liver and few other tissues. GST P1-1 has a widespread distribution in most tumor cells and tissues but it is absent in liver. The GST M1-1 is the type b allelic variant and corresponds to human GST Y.

GSTA1: The alpha gene cluster consists of 5 genes GSTA1-GSTA5; the GSTA1 contains 222aa (chr 6p12), widely expressed in human tissues of liver, kidney, testis, adrenal and pancrease. GST alpha 1-1 concentration as a marker for hepatocellular impairment, GSTA1 concentration in blood is a more specific marker than AST or ALT, and has a shorter half-life than ALT The GSTA1 shows enzyme activity towards CDNR; NBD-CI; D5 AD, PGE2 AND PGF2a synthase.

GST Pi/ GST P1/ GST3, a 210aa protein (chrm 11q13) is present in all tissues and cells, with the exception of red cells, in which only erythrocyte GST (GSTe) is observed. Its expression was increased in many tumors relative to matched normal tissue and abundantly expressed in human skin. The protein shares 86% sequence identity with GSTP. GST Pi shows enzyme activity towards CDNB; acrolein; adenine propenal; BDPE; benzyl isothiocyante; EA; 4-vinylpyridine.

The GSTM1 along with GST M2-GST M5 are mapped to Chrm 1, There is a close physical proximity between GSTM1 and GSTM2 loci, which shares 99% nucleotide sequence identity over 460 nucleotides of 3-prime untranslated mRNA. The 181aa long GST M1 is mainly expressed in liver, brain, testis, kidney and lung and show enzyme activity towards CDNB;
AFB1 -epoxide; trans-4-phenyl-3buten-2-one.

 

M=mouse; R=rat; H=human; Rb=rabbit; Ch=chicken; ~CT or ~NT=near C or N-terminus. EC=Extracellular; CP=Cytoplasmic domain.

* Expected antibody crossreactivity information is mostly based upon high (>70%) sequence conservation of antigenic/control peptides in various species. When antibody crossreactivity has actually been experimentally confirmed in various species, it will be mentioned in the appropriate data sheets.

"Neat Antisera or antisera" are the unpurified antiserum and it is suitable for ELISA and Western.
"Affinity pure" antibodies have been over the antigen-affinity column and recommended for immunohistochemical applications.
"Control peptides" can not be used for Western as they are very short peptides. They are intended for ELISA or antibody competition studies.

Western blot +ve protein controls, where available, are semi-pure, pure or recombinant proteins that are formulated in SDS-PAGE sample buffer (reduced). They are recommended to be used for Western (load 10 ul/lane) for visulization with antibodies.
 

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