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Galanin is a 29 aa C-terminally amidated (30 aa, non-amidated in humans), highly conserved but unique neuroendocrine peptide originally isolated from intestine. The first 14 aa are fully conserved in almost all species. Galanin is found in the brain and the gut. It modulates a variety of physiological processed including cognition/memory, sensory/pain processing, neurotransmitter/hormone secretion, and feeding behavior. Galanin mRNA is translated to a larger polypeptide, prepro-galanin, which contains a signal peptide, galanin, and 59-60 aa long C-terminally amidated flanking peptide called GMAP (Galanin mRNA associated peptide). Several N-terminally elongated (-7-29 and -9-29) or truncated biologically active forms of galanin have also been isolated. Several galanin antagonists are chimeric peptides generated by linking the amino terminal portion of galanin to substance P (galantide, M15), bradykinin (M35), the neurokinin antagonist spantide (C7) or an idealized alpha helical region (M40).

Galanin mediated its biological effects by interacting with high affinity cell surface receptors. Pharmacological studies with several peptide antagonists and antagonists of galanin receptor suggest the existence of multiple receptor subtypes, and three galanin receptors (GAL-R1, GAL-R2, and GAL-R3) have been clone thus far. These receptors belong to the family of G-protein coupled receptor superfamily, characterized by seven transmembrane domains.

GALR1 (rat 346 aa; human 349 aa; chromosome 15q24; 55-70 kDa non-glycosylated and glycosylated forms) are 92% conserved between human and rat. GALR1 is expressed in small intestine, heart prostate, and several areas of the brain (ventral hippocampus, amygdala, supraoptic nucleus, hypothalamus, etc). GALR1 has high affinity for galanin (Kd=0.07 nM), N-terminal galanin fragments, and putative galanin receptor antagonists galantide, C7, M35, and M40. C-terminal galanin fragments do not bind to GALR1.

GALR2 (human 387 aa; chromosome 17q25.3; rat 372 aa) is ~40% homologous with rat GALR1. The rat and human GALR2 are ~87% conserved. GALR2 is widely distributed in various areas of the brain and several peripheral tissues. GALR2 binds galanin, N-terminal galanin fragments, and chimeric peptides. However, galanin 2-29 bind GALR2 with higher affinity than GALR1.

Rat GALR3 (human 368 aa) encodes a protein of 370 aa with 35% and 52% identity with GALR1 and GALR2. The rat and human GALR3 are ~90% conserved. Rat GALR3 is expressed in heart, spleen, and testes. Galanin binding to GALR3 can be displaced by galanin and galanin analogues. However, human galanin, galanin (1-16), and M40 show lower affinity to GALR3.

ADI has produced antibodies to galanin, GALR1, GALR2, and GALR3 using peptide sequences specific for each protein. The appropriate control immunogenic peptides are also available to confirm specificity of antibodies.
 

NT= near N-Terminus; CT=near C-terminus; I= internal; H=human; M=mouse; R=rat;

All Products are for in vitro research use only.

"Neat Antisera" are the unpurified antiserum and it is suitable for ELISA and Western.
"Affinity pure" antibodies have been over the antigen-affinity column and recommended for immunohistochemical applications.
"Control peptides" can not be used for Western as they are very short peptides. They are intended for ELISA or antibody competition studies.

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