Anion exchangers (AE) are membranes proteins involved in the regulation of intracellular pH, cell volume regulation as well as in transepithelial acid/base transport. AE have also been implicated in generation of senescent antigen, anchorage of the cytoskeleton to the membrane and regulation of cellular metabolism. AE proteins are sodium-independent exchangers that mediates one-for-one exchange of HCO3- for Cl- ions. Usually extracellular Cl- ions are exchanged for intracellular HCO3-, resulting in intracellular acidification. AE proteins, first detected and characterize in red blood cells, have now been found in most other non-erythroid cells. AE proteins are encoded by a family of at least three related genes (AE1, AE2, and AE3). Numerous alternatively spliced isoforms of each AE gene are expressed in various tissues.
AE proteins have a similar predicted secondary protein structure: The N-terminal cytoplasmic domain (~40-75 kDa) and the C-terminal transmembrane domain (~55 kDa). The membrane domain is highly conserved (~70% identity) among various AE, spans the lipid bilayer 12-14 times, and is able to mediate anion exchange by itself. The N-terminal cytoplasmic domains of AE2 are AE3 are more closely related than AE1. In fact, AE1 N-terminus is 300 aa shorter than both the AE2 and AE3. The cytoplasmic domain provides binding sites for cytoskeleton protein, glycolytic enzymes and hemoglobin.

AE1 protein (also know as band 3) is the most abundant protein in red cell membrane. AE1 gene has been cloned and characterized from a variety of species including mouse, rat, human, and chicken. Human AE1 gene (chromosome 17q21-qter) encodes for a protein of 911 aa (rat 927 aa; mouse 929 aa). Several isoforms of AE1 are also transcribed. AE1 is primarily expressed in red cells and kidney. AE1 is dimeric in solution. Defects in AE1/band3 gene are the cause of hereditary ovalocystosis (HO) - a disease associated with high degree of membrane rigidity.
Human AE2 gene (chromosome 7q35-q36) encodes a protein of 1241 aa (mouse 1237 aa, rat 1234 aa). Several isoforms of AE2 are also expressed as a result of alternative splicing. AE2 is widely expressed in many tissues.
Human AE3 gene (chromosome 2q36) encodes a protein of 1233 aa (mouse/rat 1227 aa). AE3 is primarily expressed in excitable tissue such cardiac muscle, retina, and brain.

Recently, a new member of AE family, AE4, has been cloned from rabbit and human. Human AE4 (945 aa; chromosome 5) is predicted to have 14 TM domains. It is strongly expressed in the kidney. Rabbit and human AE4 share 84% identity.
ADI has produced highly specific rabbit polyclonal antibodies to AE1, AE2, AE3, and AE4 using peptide sequences specific to each exchanger. These antibodies should be useful in studying various AEs
 

m= Mouse; r=Rat; h=Human; Ha=Hamster; Rb=Rabbit; b=Bovine; f=Frog; c=Chicken
CT= near C-terminus; NT=near N-terminus; I=Internal or Middle of protein.

"Neat Antisera" are the unpurified antiserum and it is suitable for ELISA and Western.
"Affinity pure" IgG may be more suitable for immunohistochemical applications and to reduce background in most immunological applications.
"Control peptides" can not be used for Western as they are very short peptides. They are intended for ELISA or antibody blocking studies to establish antibody specificity.

All Products are for in vitro research use only. rev 20310